How do kestrels typically take starlings?

Kestrels typically take starlings by surprise, which is a hunting strategy that relies on stealth and the element of surprise. This means kestrels tend to use cover, such as trees or tall grass, to hide themselves until they can quickly launch an attack on an unsuspecting starling. This method enhances their chances of a successful catch since starlings are not readily aware of the impending threat when they are caught off guard.

The other methods listed, while viable hunting strategies for various raptors, are not the primary behaviors exhibited by kestrels when targeting starlings. For instance, waiting in flight or chasing may require more energy and can alert the prey, making it less effective in this scenario. Hunting in pairs is also not typical behavior for kestrels, as they are primarily solitary hunters. Therefore, the strategy of taking starlings by surprise best reflects the natural hunting behavior of kestrels in this context.